Microplate reader is commonly used for sample assays in microtiter plates with 6-1536 wells. Some detection modes include absorbance, fluorescence intensity, luminescence, time-resolved fluorescence, and fluorescence polarization. Microplate reader can be classified into two subcategories, multi-mode with multiple detection modes, and single-mode with only one detection mode.

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) is an important proteomics technique to characterize thousands of proteins from protein lysate sample, either from cells, tissues, or organisms. It is one of the driven force for proteomics study that aims at separating, resolving, and detection of protein of interests from thousands of proteins in the cells.